Alpha Institute for Advanced Studies

m = m sub 0 + m sub 1

where m is the covariant mass and m sub 0 the measured mass. As in UFT 158 ff., the covariant mass is no longer constant, but m sub 0 is constant. I recommend studying these background notes, they are seminars or lectures in preparation for each new paper, and the feedback shows that they have been cited 300,000 times in only three years. Obviously, the readers find them useful. The suggestion to post these notes was made two or three years ago by David Feustel, sometime of Cornell University. They are picked up by search engines and referring URL’s. After all, a citation is in the last analysis a reference to other work. It makes no difference whether this is a reference from a published paper or from an electronic URL (unique reference locator).

a181stpapernotes1.pdf

omega / c is not equal to kappa.

In other words spacetime is a dielectric with loss and permittivity, explaining the origin of the cosmological shift without Big Bang (UFT 49 and 118). For a massless particle:

omega / c = kappa

and the generally covariant d’Alembert equation is the result. In the received opinion of relativity, due to Einstein and others, it can be seen from eq. (5) that the mass m sub 0 is always the same, so R is always that of the free particle:

R = (m sub 0 c / h bar) squared.

However, keeping m sub 0 constant results in disaster for particle physics, as shown in UFT 158 ff and UFT 171. One can now challenge with confidence the very idea of elementary particles, and in fact it is well known that in relativity, there are no particles, there is only geometry and a scaling factor called “mass”, m sub 0. In covariant mass theory the scaling factor is dispensed with, so mass itself becomes part of geometry. Everything in physics becomes geometry, as required by the philosophy of relativity.

a180thpapernotes2.pdf

m = (E squared – p squared c squared) power half / c squared

where E and p are constants of motion. The received opinion would use a constant m sub 0, but the covariant mass m is allowed to be a function of E and p, and so is allowed to vary as indicated by UFT 158 ff and UFT 171. For different dynamical situations E and p are different constants of motion.

R = (mc / h bar) squared

so R can also be found from metrical methods.

(H hat – epsilon) del g = F g

1) In Eq. (19), replace minus by plus before (epsilon – V) / (2 m c squared).
2) In Eq. (30) the first term is plus and second term minus.

These slips do not affect the final result (41). The mass term is given by some authors and not by others (e.g. Ryder does not give it, and he omits the spin orbit and Darwin terms). It comes from the non-relativistic approximation of kinetic energy given in eq. (22), i.e. epsilon about p squared / (2m). This approximate epsilon is then put back in the third RHS term of eq. (21) to give:

sigma dot p p squared sigma dot p phi / (8 m cubed c squared) = p fourth / (8 m cubed c squared)

with p = – i h bar del.